Nottingham tram: New lines will finally start running on Tuesday | Nottingham Post
Just reading about this, have not been to Nottm for about a year or more?
Monday, 24 August 2015
Wednesday, 19 August 2015
Sunday, 3 May 2015
Evil
The Agents used—known as the Rainbow Herbicides—their active ingredients, and years used were as follows:[6]
- Agent Pink (60% – 40% n-butyl:isobutyl esters of 2,4,5-T) used in 1961-1965
- Agent Green (n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T) unclear when used, but believed to be at the same time as Pink
- Agent Purple (50% n-butyl ester of 2,4-D, 30% n-butyl ester 2,4,5-T, 20% isobutyl ester of 2,4,5-T) used from 1962–1965
- Agent Blue (cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate) used from 1962–1971 (in powder and water solution)
- Agent White (acid weight basis: 21.2% tri-isopropanolamine salts of 2,4-D and 5.7% picloram) used from 1966–1971
- Agent Orange (50% n-butyl ester of 2,4-D and 50% n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T) used from 1965–1970
Operation Ranch Hand just reading
- Agent Pink (60% – 40% n-butyl:isobutyl esters of 2,4,5-T) used in 1961-1965
- Agent Green (n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T) unclear when used, but believed to be at the same time as Pink
- Agent Purple (50% n-butyl ester of 2,4-D, 30% n-butyl ester 2,4,5-T, 20% isobutyl ester of 2,4,5-T) used from 1962–1965
- Agent Blue (cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate) used from 1962–1971 (in powder and water solution)
- Agent White (acid weight basis: 21.2% tri-isopropanolamine salts of 2,4-D and 5.7% picloram) used from 1966–1971
- Agent Orange (50% n-butyl ester of 2,4-D and 50% n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T) used from 1965–1970
Operation Ranch Hand was a U.S. military operation during
the Vietnam War, lasting from 1962
until 1971. Largely inspired by the British use of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (Agent Orange) during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s, it was part of the
overallherbicidal warfare program during
the war called "Operation Trail Dust". Ranch
Hand involved
spraying an estimated 20 million U.S. gallons (76,000 m3) of defoliants and herbicides[1] over rural areas
of South Vietnam in an attempt to
deprive the Viet Cong of food and vegetation cover. Areas of Laos and Cambodia were also sprayed to a lesser extent. Nearly
20,000 sortieswere flown between
1961 and 1971. The Vietnamese government estimates that 400,000 people were
killed or maimed and 500,000 children born with birth defects as a result of
this spraying of what were called by the Americans 'rainbow herbicides'.[2]
The "Ranch
Handers" motto was "Only you can prevent a forest"[1] – a take on the
popular U.S. Forest Service poster slogan ofSmokey Bear. During the ten years of spraying, over 5 million acres (20,000 km2) of forest and
500,000 acres (2,000 km2) of crops were
heavily damaged or destroyed. Around 20% of the forests of South Vietnam were sprayed at least once.[3]
The herbicides
were sprayed by the U.S. Air Force flying C-123s using the call sign "Hades". The planes were fitted
with specially developed spray tanks with a capacity of 1,000 U.S. gallons
(4 m3) of herbicides. A plane sprayed a swath of land that was 80 meters
wide and 16 km (≈10 miles) long in about 4½ minutes, at a rate of about 3 U.S.
gallons per acre (3 m3/km2).[4]Sorties usually consisted of
three to five airplanes flying side by side. 95% of the herbicides and defoliants
used in the war were sprayed by the U.S. Air Force as part of Operation Ranch Hand. The remaining 5%
were sprayed by the U.S. Chemical Corps, other military branches, and the Republic of Vietnam using hand sprayers, spray trucks, helicopters and boats, primarily around U.S. military installations.[5]
Map of
herbicide usage during the Vietnam war.
The herbicides used were sprayed at up
to 50 times the concentration than for normal agricultural use. The most
common herbicide used was Herbicide Orange, more commonly referred to as Agent
Orange: a fifty-fifty
mixture of two herbicides 2,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) manufactured for
the U.S. Department of Defense primarily by Monsanto Corporation and Dow
Chemical. The other
most common color-coded Ranch Hand herbicides
were Agent Blue (cacodylic acid)
that was primarily used against food crops, and Agent
White (picloram) which was often used when Agent
Orange was not available.
The Agents used—known
as the Rainbow Herbicides—their active
ingredients, and years used were as follows:[6]
The herbicides were
procured by the U.S. military from Dow Chemical Company (all but
Blue), Monsanto (Orange, Purple
and Pink), Hercules Inc. (Orange and
Purple), Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company (Orange and Pink), Diamond Alkali/Shamrock Company (Orange, Blue, Purple and
Pink), United States Rubber Company (Orange),
Thompson Chemicals Corporation (Orange and Pink), Agrisect Company (Orange and
Purple), Hoffman-Taft Inc. (Orange), and the Ansul Chemical Company (Blue).[7] In April 1967,
the USA's entire production of 2,4,5-T was confiscated by the military;
foreign sources were also tapped into, including the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).[8]
65% of the herbicides
used contained 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid that was
contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin,[5] a "known
human carcinogen...by several different routes of exposure, including oral, dermal, and intraperitoneal".[9] About
12 million U.S. gallons (45,000 m3) of dioxin-contaminated
herbicides were sprayed over Southeast Asia during American combat operations.[10]
In 2005, a New Zealand government
minister was quoted and widely reported as saying that Agent Orange chemicals
had been supplied from New Zealand to theUnited States military during the conflict. Shortly after, the same minister claimed to have been
mis-quoted, although this point was less widely reported. From 1962 to
1987, 2,4,5T herbicide had been manufactured at an Ivon Watkins-Dow
plant in New Plymouth.[11][12][13][14]
For most of the war,
Operation Ranch Hand was based at Bien Hoa Air Base (1966–1970), for operations in
the Mekong Delta region
where U.S. Navy patrol boatswere vulnerable to attack from areas of undergrowth along the water's edge. Storage, mixing, loading, and washing areas
and a parking ramp were located just off the base's inside taxiway between the
Hot Cargo Ramp and the control tower. For operations along
the central coast and the Ho Chi Minh trail regions, Ranch
Handoperated
out of Da Nang Air Base (1964–71). Other
bases of operation included Phu Cat Air Base (1968–1970), Tan Son Nhut Air Base (1962–66), Nha Trang Air Base (1968–69), Phan Rang Air Base (1970–72), and Tuy Hoa Air Base (1971–72).[15] Other bases were
also used as temporary staging areas for Ranch Hand. The Da Nang, Bien
Hoa and Phu Cat Air bases are still heavily contaminated with dioxin from the
herbicides, and have been placed on a priority list for containment and
clean-up by the Vietnamese government.
The first
aerial spraying of herbicides was a test run conducted on 10 August 1961 in a
village north of Đắk Tô against foliage. Testing continued over the next
year and even though there was doubt in the State Department, The Pentagon and the White House as
to the efficacy of the herbicides, Operation Ranch Hand began in early 1962. Individual spray runs
had to be approved by President John F. Kennedy until
November 1962, when Kennedy gave the authority to approve most spray runs to
the Military Assistance
Command, Vietnam and the U.S. Ambassador to South
Vietnam. Ranch Hand was
given final approval to spray targets in eastern Laos in December 1965.[16]
The issue of whether
or not to allow crop destruction was under great debate due to its
potential of violating the Geneva Protocol.[17] However,
American officials pointed out that the British had previously used 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (virtually identical to America's use in Vietnam) on a
large scale throughout the Malayan Emergencyin the 1950s in order to destroy
bushes, crops, and trees in effort to deny communist insurgents the cover they
needed to ambush passing convoys.[18] Indeed,Secretary of State Dean Rusk told President John F. Kennedy on November 24, 1961, that
"[t]he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international lawconcerning the conduct of chemical
warfare and is an accepted tactic of war. Precedent has been established by
the British during the emergency in Malaya in their use of aircraft for
destroying crops by chemical spraying."[19] The president of
South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem began to push
the U.S. Military Advisory Group in Vietnam and
the White House to begin crop
destruction in September 1961, but it was not until October 1962 when the
White House gave approval for limited testing of Agent Blue against crops in
an area believed to be controlled by the Viet Cong.[20] Soon after, crop
destruction became an integral part of the Ranch Hand program.
Targets for the spray
runs were carefully selected to satisfy the strategic and psychological operations goals of the
U.S. and South Vietnamese military. Spray runs were surveyed to pinpoint the
target area and then placed on a priority list. Due to the low altitude (ideally 150 feet (46 m)) required for spraying,
the C-123s were escorted by fighter airplanes that would strafe or bomb the target area in order to draw out any ground fire if the area was
believed to be 'hot'. Spray runs were planned to enable as straight a run as
possible to limit the amount of time the planes flew at low altitude. Data on
the spray runs, their targets, the herbicide used and amount used, weather conditions
and other details were recorded and later put into a database called the
Herbicide Reporting System (HERBS) tapes.
The effectiveness of
the spraying was influenced by many factors including weather and terrain.
Spray runs occurred during the early morning hours before temperatures rose
above 85 degrees and the winds picked up. Mangroves in the Delta region required only one
spraying and did not survive once defoliated, whereas dense forests in the
uplands required two or more spray runs. Within two to three weeks of
spraying, the leaves would drop from the trees, which would remain bare until
the next rainy season. In order to defoliate the lower stories of forest
cover, one or more follow-up spray runs were needed. About 10 percent of the
trees sprayed died from a single spray run. Multiple spraying resulted in
increased mortality for the trees, as did following up the herbicide missions
with napalm or bombing strikes.[21]
 |
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)
|
The use of herbicides in the Vietnam
War was controversial from the beginning, particularly for crop destruction.
The scientific community began to protest the use of herbicides in Vietnam as
early as 1964, when the Federation of American Scientists objected to the use of
defoliants. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) issued a resolution in
1966 calling for a field investigation of the herbicide program in Vietnam. In
1967, seventeen Nobel laureates and 5,000 otherscientists signed a petition asking for the immediate end to
the use of herbicides in Vietnam. Press coverage of the controversial use
of herbicides in Vietnam increased in the late 1960s.
In 1970, AAAS sent a team of scientists
to conduct field tests of the ecological impacts of the herbicide program
in Vietnam. A 1969 report authored by K. Diane Courtney and others found that
2,4,5-T could cause birth defects and stillbirths in mice. This and follow-up
studies led the U.S. government to restrict the use of 2,4,5-T in the U.S. in April
1970. The Department of Defense followed suit by 'temporarily'
suspending the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam, though they continued to rely
on Agent White for defoliation until supplies ran out and the last defoliation
spray run took place on 9 May 1970. Sporadic crop destruction sorties using
Agent Blue continued throughout 1970 until the final Ranch Hand run was flown on 7 January 1971.
Wednesday, 27 August 2014
Public Works Blog: Cleaners are Worth It
Public Works Blog: Cleaners are Worth It: Cleaners are the neglected workers that most of us take for granted. They often begin their shift before or after most of us, but their job...
Thursday, 18 April 2013
Thursday Rest Day
After drinking a little too much Guinness last night, a little rough today.
I went out had a Big Breakfast £5 from Frankie and Bennys with coffee £1:50, then pop to Poundland.
Got a few things.
1. American Pie Band Camp DVD
2. Death Train movie DVD
3. The Story of A Legend Bob Marley Freedom Road DVD
4. 50 Coronation Street The Stars of the Street 3 disc DVD box set with very first episode of this show.
5. C'Mon C'Mon CD by Sheryl Crow
6. Reality Killed The Video Star CD by Robbie Williams
7. Z4K for MEN 100ml
8. two 150ml can of INTU Men bodyspray, one ROCK, the other BLUES.
9. two mop heads
10. Webbox comlete cat food.
11. Colonel Gaddafi's Hat, A Tyrant Falls and A Nation Rises book by Alex Crawford.
Then I went to Costa Coffee on Riverside, a little hard to use the o2 free wi-fi there, at first did not know, so had to look up if Costa had free wi-fi, then a little hard to sign in with my Dell inspiron 15 Windows 8 lap top, only £299, but sometimes hard for me to use.
Latter today going to RMT branch meeting
I went out had a Big Breakfast £5 from Frankie and Bennys with coffee £1:50, then pop to Poundland.
Got a few things.
1. American Pie Band Camp DVD
2. Death Train movie DVD
3. The Story of A Legend Bob Marley Freedom Road DVD
4. 50 Coronation Street The Stars of the Street 3 disc DVD box set with very first episode of this show.
5. C'Mon C'Mon CD by Sheryl Crow
6. Reality Killed The Video Star CD by Robbie Williams
7. Z4K for MEN 100ml
8. two 150ml can of INTU Men bodyspray, one ROCK, the other BLUES.
9. two mop heads
10. Webbox comlete cat food.
11. Colonel Gaddafi's Hat, A Tyrant Falls and A Nation Rises book by Alex Crawford.
Then I went to Costa Coffee on Riverside, a little hard to use the o2 free wi-fi there, at first did not know, so had to look up if Costa had free wi-fi, then a little hard to sign in with my Dell inspiron 15 Windows 8 lap top, only £299, but sometimes hard for me to use.
Latter today going to RMT branch meeting
Friday, 1 July 2011
Friday
Another lazy day of nor doing anything, I emailed two places about the cats, going to phone someone latter.
Get them a new home.
Now watching Heartbeat, with the Turner family on it ? lol
Get them a new home.
Now watching Heartbeat, with the Turner family on it ? lol
| 146 | "Against the Odds" | 6 February 2000  | Lottie finds Charlie Weller dead and to the surprise and disgust of his nephew, Martin, her mother, Peggy Turner is the beneficent of a week old will. At the same time Blaketon is approached by a professional full time planner on the establishing an industrial quarter close to Aidensfield. NOTE: 15.16 Million viewers tuned in to watch this episode. |
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