43 1968 Tarragona

Tenerife Family Fun - Tourist Train Ride & Traditional Spanish Paella - ...

Just watching this video, wish I was there, lol 

Notes for Monday 21:30 to 07:30 Thorpe Station

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745106 platform 2 - 1P58 19:00 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe 20:48 - 5P58 21:09 Norwich Thorpe to Crown Point Depot 21:27

745009 platform 1 - 1P60 19:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (21:19) for 1P73 22:02 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 23:57 platform 10 - cleaning

755412 755414 755337 platform 2 - 1P62 20:00 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (21:49) for 5P62 22:05 Norwich Thorpe to Crown Point Depot 22:15

745101 platform 2 - 1P64 20:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (22:18) 755419 ?  for 1Y75 23:05 Norwich Thorpe to Ipswich 23:49 platform 4 - cleaning

745001  platform 1 - 1P68 21:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (23:19)

745 platform 1 - 1P70 22:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (00:28) -

745 platform 4 - 1P72 23:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (0133) this is replace by bus 00:45 Ipswich to Norwich Thorpe 02:15

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755418 platform 6 2S35 23:47 Sheringham to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (00:36)

755402 platform 5A - 2J99 23:30 Lowestoft Central to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (00:16)

755415  platform 5B - 1K96 22:10 Stansted Airport to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (00:13) -

755411  platform 6 - 2C45 23:34 Great Yarmouth Vaxuhall to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (00:06)

755411  platform 6 -2P43 22:17 Great Yarmouth Vaxuhall to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (22:49)  - 2P44 23:00 Norwich Thorpe to Great Yarmouth Vaxuhall 23:30 platform 2 - cleaning

755418 platform 4 -  1K92 21:20 Cambridge to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (22:35) - 2S36 22:45 Norwich Thorpe to Sheringham 23:42 -

755408 platform 3 - 2J93 20:57 Lowestoft Central to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (21:32) -  for 1K97 22:40 Norwich Thorpe to Cambridge 23:56 platform 6 -

755402 platform 6 - 2S31 21:09 Sheringham to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (22:09)  - 2J96 22:40 Norwich Thorpe to Lowestoft Central 23:24 platform 3 -

755401 platform 5B - 2P41 21:17 Great Yarmouth Vaxuhall to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (21:49) for 2J94 22:05 Norwich Thorpe to Lowestoft Central 22:51 platform 2 -

++ Monday ++ 21:30 to 07:30 Thorpe Station, three hours overtime

Sunny Beach Bulgaria - OUTRAGEOUS Here......

The Best-Designed Town in the Netherlands (and therefore, the world)

Rest Day Sunday 09:30 to 21:30 Thorpe Station , 12 hours overtime

 [07:26, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: =================================

[07:27, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745003 platform 3 - 1)13 06:55 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 08:41 platform 14

[07:28, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745010 platform 2 - 1P19 08:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 09:47 platform 13

[07:28, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745007 platform 1 - 1P21 08:25 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street  10:11 platform 14

[07:29, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745109 platform 2 - 1P23 09:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 10:47 platform 15

[07:30, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745009 platform 2 - 1P08 08:42 Ipswich to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (09:24)  for 1P27 10:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 11:47 platform 11.

[07:30, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745005 platform 2 - 1P12 08:15 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (10:18) for 1P31 11:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 12:47 platform 11.

[07:31, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745003 platform 2 - 1P16 09:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (11:17) for 1P35 12:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 13:47 platform 11 .

[07:32, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745010 platform 2 - 1P20 10:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (12:18) for 1P39 13:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 14:47 platform 11.

[07:32, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745007 platform 4 1P22 11:00 London Liverpool Street d to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (12:43) for 1P49 15:23 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street  platform 13-

[07:34, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745109 platform 2 - 1P24 11:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (13:17) for 1P43 14:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 15:47 platform 11.

[07:34, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745009 platform 2 1P28 12:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (14:17) for 1P47 15:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 16:47 platform 11

[07:36, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745005 platform 1 1P32 13:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (15:17) for 1P53 16::23 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 18:11 platform 15 -

[07:37, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745105 platform 3 arrived at for 1P51 16:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 17:48 platform 14 -

[07:37, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745003 platform 2 1P36 14:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (16:18) for  1P55 17:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 18:47 platform 14

[07:38, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745010 platform 2 1P40 15:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (17:17) for 1P59 18:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 19:47 platform 13

[07:40, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745109  platform 2 1P44 16:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (18:17) for may be 5P44 18:32 Norwich Thorpe to CPD 18:50, and not  1P63 19:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 20:47 platform 15 ?

[07:41, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745 platform 2 arrived at for  1P63 19:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 20:48 platform 14 -

[07:43, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745009 platform 2 1P50 17:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (19:17) for

[07:43, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745007 platform 1 1P54 18:00 London Liverpool Street   to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (19:41) for 1P67 20:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 21:47 platform 14 -

[07:44, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745105 platform 2 1P56 18:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (20:17) for 1P71 21:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 22:47 platform 15 -

[07:44, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745005 platform 1 - 1P58 19:00 London Liverpool Street  to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (20:44)

[07:47, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745003 platform 1 - 1P60 19:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (21:17) for 1P73 22:04 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 23:58 platform 10 -

[07:48, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745010 platform 2 - 1P64 20:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (22:17) for 1Y75 23:05 Norwich Thorpe to Ipswich 23:46 platform 4 -

[07:48, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: + Rest Day Sunday + 09:30 to 21:30 Thorpe Station, 12 hours overtime

[09:23, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745009 platform 2 - 1P08 08:42 Ipswich to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 09:21 (09:24)  for 1P27 10:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 11:47 platform 11. Cleaning 🧹🧼 inside and cabs 🚖

745101 Royal Dock

[10:15, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745005 platform 2 - 1P12 08:15 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 10:16 (10:18) for 1P31 11:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 12:47 platform 11.

[11:15, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745003 platform 2 - 1P16 09:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 11:16  (11:17) for 1P35 12:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 13:47 platform 11 .

[12:17, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745010 platform 2 - 1P20 10:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 12:17 (12:18) for 1P39 13:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 14:47 platform 11.

[12:40, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 170208 platform 1B - 1L06 09:18 Nottingham Midland to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 12:06(11:56) for 1R64 13:47 Norwich Thorpe Liverpool Lime Street 19:29 platform 8, with 170424 from Nottingham Midland, 1L1819:51 Liverpool Lime Street to Norwich Thorpe due 22:31 platinum 6C - 

170205 1R78 20:52 Norwich Thorpe to Nottingham Midland 23:25 platform 6B

[12:41, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745007 platform 4 1P22 11:00 London Liverpool Street d to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 12:42 (12:43) for 1P49 15:23 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street  platform 13-

[13:15, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745109 platform 2 - 1P24 11:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 13:16 (13:17) for 1P43 14:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 15:47 platform 11.

745007 platform 4 unblocked coach B toilet 🚽🪠.

[14:15, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745009 platform 2 1P28 12:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 14:16 (14:17) for 1P47 15:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 16:47 platform 11

[15:16, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745005 platform 1 1P32 13:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 15:16  (15:17) for 1P53 16::23 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 18:11 platform 15 - cleaning toilet 🚽 🪠 now, then try to help out inside, so more chaos again, as barrow was left in a little messy 🤯 I started latter, I feel now it is stocked up ? May be ? 

745009 platform 2 coach E and B toilet 🚽🪠 in use, all others 100% CET

755403 platform 2B 16:03 Norwich Thorpe to Stansted Airport, cleaned toilet 🚽🪠 only, lazy me

[15:56, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745003 platform 2 1P36 14:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (16:18) for  1P55 17:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 18:47 platform 14

745101 Royal Dock left at 15:48 - 5P51 15:19 CPD to Norwich Thorpe due 15:37.

745101 platform 3 arrived at 15:56 from Royal Dock for 1P15 16:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 17:48 platform 14

[16:15, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745003 platform 2 1P36 14:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 16:16 (16:18) for  1P55 17:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 18:47 platform 14 cleaning 🧹🧼 toilets 🚽🪠 and try to help inside, badly 😞 silly me

[17:15, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745010 platform 2 1P40 15:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 17:16  (17:17) for 1P59 18:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 19:47 platform 13

[17:54, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745109 platform 4 arrived at (18:17)   for 5P44 18:32 Norwich Thorpe to CPD 

745002 platform 2 5P63 18:24;CPT to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (18:42) for  1P63 19:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 20:48 platform 14 -

[18:25, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745109 platform 4 arrived at 18:18  (18:17)   for 5P44 18:32 Norwich Thorpe to CPD 

745002 platform 2 5P63 18:24;CPT to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 18:12 (18:42) for  1P63 19:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 20:48 platform 14 -

[19:15, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745009 platform 2 1P50 17:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 19:15 (19:17) for

745109 platform 4 left at 18;32 for Royal Dock

745109 Royal Dock arrived at 18:40

745109 Royal Dock, wrong way around, done litter 🚮 and bins liners on G to L, unblocked coach L toilet 🚽🪠

[19:41, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745007 platform 1 1P54 18:00 London Liverpool Street   to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 19:42  (19:41) for 1P67 20:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 21:47 platform 14 - cleaning inside , cab and toilets 🚽, as less time .

745009 platform 2 left at 19:31.

[19:59, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745007 platform 1 done toilets 🚽 B and C but coach E was in use by many people

[20:15, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745101 platform 2 1P56 18:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 20:16 (20:17) for 1P71 21:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 22:47 platform 15 - cleaning 🧹🧼 toilets 🚽🪠 then inside 💠

[20:43, 29/06/2025] O2 Michael Turner: 745005 platform 1 - 1P58 19:00 London Liverpool Street  to Norwich Thorpe arrived at 20:44  (20:44)

Replacement Aircraft! - TUI Boeing 737-800 (G-TAWD) - Landing at Norwich...

Notes for Rest Day Sunday 09:30 to 21:30 Thorpe Station

 [07:26, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: =================================

[07:27, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745003 platform 3 - 1)13 06:55 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 08:41 platform 14

[07:28, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745010 platform 2 - 1P19 08:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 09:47 platform 13

[07:28, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745007 platform 1 - 1P21 08:25 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street  10:11 platform 14

[07:29, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745109 platform 2 - 1P23 09:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 10:47 platform 15

[07:30, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745009 platform 2 - 1P08 08:42 Ipswich to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (09:24)  for 1P27 10:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 11:47 platform 11.

[07:30, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745005 platform 2 - 1P12 08:15 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (10:18) for 1P31 11:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 12:47 platform 11.

[07:31, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745003 platform 2 - 1P16 09:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (11:17) for 1P35 12:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 13:47 platform 11 .

[07:32, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745010 platform 2 - 1P20 10:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (12:18) for 1P39 13:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 14:47 platform 11.

[07:32, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745007 platform 4 1P22 11:00 London Liverpool Street d to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (12:43) for 1P49 15:23 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street  platform 13-

[07:34, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745109 platform 2 - 1P24 11:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (13:17) for 1P43 14:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 15:47 platform 11.

[07:34, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745009 platform 2 1P28 12:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (14:17) for 1P47 15:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 16:47 platform 11

[07:36, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745005 platform 1 1P32 13:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (15:17) for 1P53 16::23 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 18:11 platform 15 -

[07:37, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745105 platform 3 arrived at for 1P51 16:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 17:48 platform 14 -

[07:37, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745003 platform 2 1P36 14:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (16:18) for  1P55 17:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 18:47 platform 14

[07:38, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745010 platform 2 1P40 15:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (17:17) for 1P59 18:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 19:47 platform 13

[07:40, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745109  platform 2 1P44 16:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (18:17) for may be 5P44 18:32 Norwich Thorpe to CPD 18:50, and not  1P63 19:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 20:47 platform 15 ?

[07:41, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745 platform 2 arrived at for  1P63 19:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 20:48 platform 14 -

[07:43, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745009 platform 2 1P50 17:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (19:17) for

[07:43, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745007 platform 1 1P54 18:00 London Liverpool Street   to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (19:41) for 1P67 20:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 21:47 platform 14 -

[07:44, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745105 platform 2 1P56 18:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (20:17) for 1P71 21:00 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 22:47 platform 15 -

[07:44, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745005 platform 1 - 1P58 19:00 London Liverpool Street  to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (20:44)

[07:47, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745003 platform 1 - 1P60 19:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (21:17) for 1P73 22:04 Norwich Thorpe to London Liverpool Street 23:58 platform 10 -

[07:48, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: 745010 platform 2 - 1P64 20:30 London Liverpool Street to Norwich Thorpe arrived at (22:17) for 1Y75 23:05 Norwich Thorpe to Ipswich 23:46 platform 4 -

[07:48, 29/06/2025] Michael Noël Turner: + Rest Day Sunday + 09:30 to 21:30 Thorpe Station, 12 hours overtime

London's Most Historic Wetherspoons Pubs

What Happened To The American Double Deck Jumbo Jet? - MD 12

Tarragona, una ciudad ideal para vivir? | Catalunya, España

Tarragona. Balcón del Mediterraneo

Pel·lícula produïda l'any 1956 per l'Ajuntament de Tarragona, realitzada per Carmelo Martínez, amb fotografia de F.P. Serra i la veu de Josep M. Tarrasa. El film té una durada de 16,55 minuts i presenta imatges inèdites de la ciutat de fa més de 55 anys. Aquest pel·lícula ha estat recuperada gràcies a l'actuació de la Unitat d'Investigació del Cinema de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili i a la col·laboració de la Filmoteca de Catalunya.

Film produced in 1956 by the City Council of Tarragona, directed by Carmelo Martínez, with photography by F.P. Serra and the voice of Josep M. Tarrasa. The film has a duration of 16.55 minutes and presents unpublished images of the city from more than 55 years ago. This film has been recovered thanks to the work of the Cinema Research Unit of the Rovira i Virgili University and the collaboration of the Filmoteca de Catalunya.

Tarragona 1986

Tarragona (Catalan: [tərəˈɣonə], Spanish: [taraˈɣona] ^ⓘ; Latin: Tarraco) is a coastal city and municipality in Catalonia (Spain). It is the capital and largest town of Tarragonès county, the Camp de Tarragona region and the province of Tarragona. Geographically, it is located on the Costa Daurada area on the Mediterranean shore.

During the period of the Roman Empire, it was one of the most prominent cities of the Iberian Peninsula, as the capital, successively, of the Roman provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Tarraconensis.

The Archaeological Complex of Tàrraco is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

arraco is the ancient name of the current city of Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain). It was the oldest Roman settlement on the Iberian Peninsula. It became the capital of Hispania Tarraconensis following the latter's creation during the Roman Empire.

In 2000, the archaeological ensemble of Tarraco was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

History

[edit]

Punic Etymology

[edit]

Ta-Aragona name in Phoenician means the Aragona, which was the native Iberian term for the Ebro Valley.

Origins and the Second Punic War

[edit]

Phases of conquest from 220 to 19 BC

The area was inhabited from the 5th century BC by Iberians, mainly in the Ebro Valley, who had commercial contacts with the Greeks and Phoenicians settled on the coast. 

Tarraco is first mentioned after the arrival of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus at Empúries in 218 BC at the start of the Second Punic War which began the Roman conquest of Hispania. The Romans conquered a field of Punic supplies for Hannibal's troops near Cissis and took the city. A short time later, the Romans were attacked "not far from Tarraco".^[1] Cissis and Tarraco may have been the same city. Cissis may be equated with Kesse, the name on coins of Iberian origin from the 1st and 2nd century BC that were marked according to Roman weight standards.

In 217 BC Roman reinforcements arrived under the command of Publius Scipio, and he and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius are attributed with the enhanced fortification of Tarraco and the establishment of a military port.^[2]The Roman city wall was probably constructed on top of the more ancient wall characteristic of the Iberian stonemason.

After the death of the Scipio brothers, Tarraco was Scipio Africanus's (son of Publius) winter base between 211 and 210,^[3] and where he met the tribes of Hispania in conventus.^[4] The population was largely loyal to the Romans during the war and the fishermen of Tarraco (piscatores Tarraconenses) served with their boats during the siege of Carthago Nova.^[5]

Roman Republic

[edit]

See also: Hispania Citerior

The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans took over 200 years.

During the following two centuries Tarraco remained a supply and winter base camp during the wars against the Celtiberians, as it was during the Second Punic War. There was therefore a strong military presence during this period, possibly in the highest area of what is currently the city's historic quarter, called the Part Alta. In 197 BC, all of the conquered areas, even narrow strips along the Mediterranean coast, were divided between the new provinces of Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. The capital of Hispania Citerior was principally Carthago Nova but Strabo says that the governors also resided in Tarraco.^[6]

The legal status of Tarraco was probably as a conventus civium Romanorum (conventus = meeting of Roman citizens of the province) during the Republic, with two magistri (civilian directors) at its head. Gaius Porcius Cato, consul in the year 114 BC, chose Tarraco as the place of his exile in the year 108, indicating that Tarraco was a free city or at least an ally at that time.

When Caesar conquered supporters of Pompey in 49 BC in Ilerda (Lleida), Tarraco supported his army with food.^[7] It is likely that Tarraco received the status of colonia by Julius Caesar after his victory in Munda, around 45 BC, with the epithet Iulia in its formal name: Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco, which would remain for the duration of the Empire.^[8]

Age of Augustus

[edit]

See also: Hispania Tarraconensis

Hispanic provinces after the reform of Augustus

Plan of Tarraco in imperial times showing the main buildings

Roman circus

In 27 BC Augustus reorganised the Roman provinces: Hispania Citerior was replaced by the larger province of Hispania Tarraconensis, the name derived from that of its capital, and which included the territories conquered in central, northern and north-western Hispania.

In the same year Augustus went to Spain to monitor the campaigns in Cantabriaand due to his poor health he preferred to stay in Tarraco.^[9] Apparently, Augustus had built an altar in the city, and a story by the rhetorician Quintilianmentions that the inhabitants of Tarraco boasted to Augustus that a palm tree had miraculously grown on the altar. He replied drily that that would mean it was not used very often.^[10]

Soon after he arrived the old via Herculea became the Via Augusta. A milestone, found in Tarragona's Plaça de Braus, mentions the road between 12 and 6 BC, leading to Barcino to the north-east and Dertosa, Saguntum and (Valentia) to the south.

The city flourished under Augustus. The writer Pomponius Mela describes it in the 1st century AD as follows: "Tarraco is the richest port on this coast" (Tarraco urbs est en his oris maritimarum opulentissima).^[11] Tarraco under Augustus and Tiberius minted its own coins with depictions of the imperial cult and the inscription CVT, CVTT o CVTTAR.^[12]

After the death of Augustus in the year 14 AD, the emperor was officially deified and in 15 AD a temple was erected in his honour, probably in the easternmost neighbourhood of the city or near the Colonial Forum, as mentioned by Tacitus in his annales.^[13]

High Empire

[edit]

In 68 AD Galba, who lived in Tarraco for eight years, was proclaimed emperor in Clunia Sulpicia. Vespasian began a reorganization of the precarious finances of the state. According to Pliny, this allowed Latin citizenship to be granted to the inhabitants of Hispania.^[14] The Iberian peninsula, which since ancient times consisted of urban areas and a land divided by tribal organizations, was transformed into areas organized around urban centers, whether in colonies or municipalities, thereby facilitating tax collection. A rapid increase in construction took place, possibly due to the reorganization of the province. Tarragona Amphitheatre, the temple area, and the Provincial forum at the top of the city were probably built during this period. Most of the statues at these locations were probably placed there between 70 and 180 AD.

The patron of the city Senator Lucius Licinius Sura was appointed under the Emperor Trajan. Sura came from Tarraconensis and reached one of the highest offices of state. In the winter 122-123 AD Hadrian is thought to have visited the city to hold a conventus for Hispania. He also rebuilt the temple of Augustus.

Tarraco started experiencing severe economic difficulties at the end of the 2nd century AD. Few statues were built in honor of the city, probably due to a lack of funds.^[15] This period also saw the defeat of the struggle against the Emperor Clodius Albinus, who was supported by the governor of Tarraconensis Novio, Lucius Rufo. At this time inscriptions dedicated to Provinciae Concilium start to disappear to be increasingly replaced by inscriptions dedicated to members of the military. There started being fewer influential merchants in the ordo decurionum (civil administration) and more patroni(large landowners and public senior officials). Severus rebuilt the amphitheater and associated structures, as evidenced by an inscription at the bottom.^[16]

Late antiquity

[edit]

Amphitheatre

After the imperial administration reforms of Diocletian, the peninsula became a diocese divided into six provinces that were much smaller than before. Tarraco remained the capital, but of a much smaller province.

The invasions in about 260^[17] by groups of both Franks and Alemannicreated hardships for a decade but excavations have not shown effects of these raids within the city and destruction has only been seen in the harbour area and outside the walls.^[18]

A portico of Jupiter was built between Diocletian and Maximian (286 to 293) which may be part of a basílica.^[19]

In 476, following the collapse of Roman defenses along the Rhine, Tarraco was occupied by the Visigoths and King Euric. There is no evidence of destruction and apparently the capture of the city was relatively quiet. The Visigoths probably took over existing structures by establishing a small group of nobles, which the existence of Christian tombs in this period seems to confirm. The end of the ancient history of the city came with the arrival of the Muslims in 713 or 714.

Archaeological ensemble

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The archaeological ensemble of Tarraco is one of the largest archaeological sites of Roman Hispania preserved in Spain today. Inscriptions on the stones of houses written in Latin and even in Phoenician can be found throughout the city. Part of the foundations of the large Cyclopean walls near the so-called Pilate's offices are believed to be of pre-Roman origins. This building, which was a prison in the 19th century, is said to have been the palace of Augustus. The amphitheatre, located near the seashore stands with large parts of its structure surviving and measures 46 m long. 

Roman aqueduct, Pont del Diable (1st c. BC)

The Roman Aqueduct de les Ferreres, also called Pont del Diable (Devil's Bridge), crosses a valley about 4 km (2.5 mi) from the city. It is 21 m (69 ft) long, and its lower arches, of which there are two rows, are almost 3 m (9.8 ft) tall. The Roman tomb, called Torre dels Escipions (Tower of the Scipios), lies 1.5 km (0.93 mi) to the north-west of the city.^[20]

Monuments

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Code	Name	Place	Coordinates
875-001	Roman walls	Tarragona	41°07′12.4″N1°15′32.6″E
875-002	Imperial cult enclosure	Tarragona	41°07′10.3″N1°15′30.0″E
875-003	Provincial forum	Tarragona	41°07′05.0″N1°15′21.0″E
875-004	The Circus	Tarragona	41°06′56.9″N1°15′24.5″E
875-005	Colonial forum	Tarragona	41°06′52.5″N1°14′56.6″E
875-006	The Roman theatre	Tarragona	41°06′48.6″N1°14′52″E
875-007	The Amphitheatre, the basilica and romanesque church	Tarragona	41°06′53.0″N1°15′33.5″E
875-008	Early Christian Cemetery	Tarragona	41°06′53.1″N1°14′18.0″E
875-009	Aqueduct	4 km north of Tarragona	41°08′47.6″N1°14′36.6″E
875-010	Torre dels Escipions	5 km east of Tarragona	41°07′52.7″N1°18′59.0″E
875-011	Quarry of El Mèdol	9 km north of Tarragona	41°08′12.7″N1°20′22.4″E
875-012	The Mausoleum of Centcelles	Constantí, 4.6 km north-northwest of Tarragona	41°09′07.6″N1°13′49.7″E
875-013	The villa dels Munts	Altafulla, 10 km east of Tarragona	41°08′01.8″N1°22′22.8″E
875-014	Triumphal Arc de Berà	Roda de Berà, 20 km east of Tarragona	41°10′22.9″N1°28′07.3″E

UNESCO World Heritage Site

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UNESCO included the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Tarraco on its list of World Heritage Sites, because they meet two criteria:^[21]

Criterion ii. The Roman remains of Tarraco are of exceptional importance in the Roman development of planning and urban design and served as model for provincial capitals elsewhere in the Roman world. Criterion iii. Tarraco provides an eloquent and unparalleled testimony in the history of the Mediterranean lands in antiquity.

See also

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• Romanization of Hispania

References

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1. ^ Livy 21, 60, 1ff.
2. ^ Plinius: Naturalis historia 3, 21.
3. ^ Livy 26, 20, 4
4. ^ Livy 26, 19 u. 51.
5. ^ Livy 27, 42; Livy 26, 45.
6. ^ Strabo 3, 4, 7.
7. ^ Caesar, De Bello Civili 1, 60.
8. ^ AE 1957, 26
9. ^ Suetonio, Augustus 26, 3.
10. ^ Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 6, 3.
11. ^ Mela II 90.
12. ^ Burnett, Roman Provincial Coinage I. 218/219.
13. ^ Tacito: Annales 1, 78.
14. ^ Pliny: Naturalis Historia, 3, 4, 30
15. ^ RE, Supl. XV, 598, Tarraco, Géza Alföldy
16. ^ RIT (= G. Alföldy: Die Römischen Inschriften von Tarraco. Madrider Forschungen 10, Berlin 1975) 84.
17. ^ Victor Aurelius, Liber de Caesaribus, XXXIII, 3
18. ^ Macías, J.M. 2000. Tarraco en la Antigüedad Tardía: un proceso simultáneo de trans-formación urbana e ideológica, in: Ribera, A. (ed.), Los orígenes del cristianismo en Valencia y su entorno. Valencia: Ajuntament de València, 260-26
19. ^ G. Alföldy in RE Suppl XV Sp. 599 see AE, 1929, 00233, RIT 91 for the inscription.
20. ^ Cf. Ford, Handbook, p. 219, seq.; Florez, España Sagrada xxix. p. 68, seq.; Miñano, Diccion. viii. p. 398
21. ^ "Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-12-21.

Further reading

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• Alföldy, Géza (1975). Die römischen Inschriften von Tarraco [The Roman Inscriptions of Tarraco]. Madrider Forschungen, vol. 10. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
• Aquilué, Xavier (1999). Tàrraco. Guies del Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya. Tarragona: Ed. el Mèdol, ISBN 84-89936-67-6.
• Raventós, Xavier Dupré (ed.) (2004). Las capitales provinciales de Hispania. 3. Tarragona. Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco. Rome: „L’Erma“ di Bretschneider, ISBN 88-8265-273-4.
• Schneider, Jan (2017). Ländliche Siedlungsstrukturen im römischen Spanien. Das Becken von Vera und das Camp de Tarragona – zwei Mikroregionen im Vergleich [Rural settlement structures in Roman Spain. The Vera Basin and the Camp de Tarragona - a comparison of two micro-regions]. Archaeopress Roman Archaeology, vol. 22. Oxford: Archaeopress, ISBN 978-1-78491-554-4.